References to the works of other authors are important to acknowledge their contributions to the development of your work and advance scholarly discourse. Source references are vital to academic works (both print and digital) and so it is essential that they are clear, complete, and consistently formatted. Avoid print-specific terms and conventions (e.g. ‘op. cit.’) that don’t work for reference linking in digital versions. Online bibliographical material is hyperlinked to provide readers with instant access to relevant sources or additional information.
Reference styles vary greatly across disciplines. This section details the main reference styles supported by OUP (Harvard, Vancouver, and OSCOLA) and provides examples that you can follow. If you are in doubt, your OUP editorial contact will be able to advise you on the best citation system for your text.
The author-date style is an efficient and clear method of providing citations to published sources, which appear in a reference list at the end of the chapter or book. No superscripts are used, which means that reordering of the text does not require renumbering of notes. Instead of superscript numbers, a parenthetical citation (consisting of author name and date of publication) appears in the text and leads the reader to a full entry in a reference list that appears at the end of the chapter or book.
The method works particularly well when most of your citations are to published books or journal articles. It works less well if you are citing a lot of unauthored material or untraditional sources. Unlike numbered notes, author-date citations cannot accommodate translations or commentary outside the main text, although it is possible to combine author-date citations (for bibliographic citations) with numbered notes (for explanatory text).
References are cited within the text by including the author’s last name and a date parenthetically. A page number can be added if needed. If the author’s name appears in the sentence containing the citation, you need only use the date. Complete bibliographical reference information is listed at the end of the chapter or text.
Up to two author names can be used in the in-text citation. When citing a work with three or more authors, use the first author’s last name plus ‘et al.’
If you cite multiple references by the same author that were published in the same year, distinguish between them by adding labels (e.g. ‘a’ and ‘b’) to the year, in both the citation and the reference list.
The reference list appears at the end of the chapter or text in alphabetical order. The name of the first author is inverted. In science literature, initials are often used in place of author first names.
The bibliographic elements listed below are required for the most common types of reference citations. Additional elements are mentioned that may be optional or to be used in only certain instances (e.g. a page number or other locator that is required if you are quoting a precise part of a large work, but not if the reference is to the work as a whole). Consistency in application is important.
Do not use long dashes (“—") to substitute for the name of an author who is identified in the bibliography due to how that entry will be linked in digital versions. Because the entry may not appear immediately following the entry with the full name, repeat the name in full.
Lastname, Firstname/initials. Year of Publication. Title of Work.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. Title of Work, 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.
Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname, page number(s) [or alternative locator info]. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.
Lastname, Firstname/initials,Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number: start page.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number (issue number) (Month or Season): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Day and Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname/initials Lastname. Year of Publication. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine, Day and Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Required elements if a magazine article has no stated author
‘Title of Article’. Year of Publication. Name of Magazine, Month of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Include as much of the following as possible in your bibliographic entry: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; month and/or day of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. The year of publication should be the second element in the entry.
Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, particularly online.
Website names are usually set in roman type, but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
Psychoanalytic studies, along with other literary and cultural texts, not only contribute to the new discourse of the jungle but also reflect the imperialist history that brings West Europeans and Americans into contact with the geographic jungles of India, Africa, and other parts of the world (Rogers et al. 2010, 1). This colonial context needs to be sketched here as well in order to reveal how the birth of the jungle eventually produces new constructions of sexuality in the United States. Billops (1999a) notes that the word ‘jungle’ comes from the Hindi and Marathi word jangal, meaning ‘desert’, ‘waste’, ‘forest’; as well as from the Sanskrit jangala, meaning ‘dry’, ‘dry ground’, or ‘desert’. Its first appearance in English is in 1776, with its meaning already shifted towards what might be more recognizable today: ‘Land overgrown with underwood, long grass, or tangled vegetation; also, the luxuriant and often almost impenetrable growth of vegetation covering such a tract’ (Dreft and Smithers 1978, 87). Brought into English as a result of an imperialist presence in India, ‘jungle’ is intimately related to the larger rise of Western imperialism around the world, particularly in the nineteenth century (Billops 1999b). Western powers such as Britain and France went from controlling 35 per cent of the earth’s surface in 1800 to, by 1914, ‘a grand total of roughly 85 per cent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions, and commonwealths’ (Said 1993, ch.2, ‘Colonial impacts’).
Billops, Camille. 1999a. ‘Indo-European Loan Words’. Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): pp. 38–44.
Billops, Camille. 1999b. ‘Indo-European Vowel Shift: Evidence and Interpretation’. Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): p. 45.
Dreft, Edward, and Susan Smithers. 1978. ‘Words Working’. International Journal of American Linguistics 62 (3): pp. 227–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25475.x.
Rogers, Jason, Millicent Eng, and Rene Woo. 2010. ‘English-Based African Creoles’. In Spreading the People: Colonizing Languages in the Raj, edited by Jason Rogers, pp. 310–330. 2nd ed. London: Verso.
Said, Eleanor. 1993. The European Dream of Africa. New York: Random House.
Bickerton, Derek. 2008. Bastard Tongues: A Trail-Blazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World’s Lowliest Languages. New York: Hill and Wang.
‘Evolutionary Linguistics’. 2012. Wikipedia. Updated 4 November. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics.
Mfuti, Miriam. 2001. ‘Pidgin Town’. In The Oxford Handbook of Pidgins and Creoles, edited by Alain Smet, pp. 107–112. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rambow, John. 2007. ‘Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?’ Bangalore Monkey blog. 21 December. http://www.bangaloremonkey. com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. Title of Work.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. Title of Work, 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.
Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname, page number(s) [or alternative locator info]. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher.
Lastname, Firstname/initials,Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, start page.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number (issue number) (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Lastname, Firstname/initials, Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Month of Pub.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname/initials, and Firstname Lastname/initials. Year of Publication. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Required elements If a magazine article has no stated author:
“Title of Article.” Year of Publication. Name of Magazine, Month of Pub.
With optional elements
“Title of Article.” Year of Publication. Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Include as much of the following as possible in your bibliographic entry: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; month and/or day of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. The year of publication should be the second element in the entry.
Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, particularly online.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type, but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
Note that a reference list in the author-date system can contain only items that are actually cited in the work. The reference list must contain all of those items. This differs from a bibliography in the numbered-note system, which can contain both cited items and items of interest that have not been specifically cited. If there are uncited works that you would like to draw to the reader’s attention, these can be placed after the references in a separate listed titled ‘Further reading’.
Psychoanalytic studies, along with other literary and cultural texts, not only contribute to the new discourse of the jungle but also reflect the imperialist history that brings West Europeans and Americans into contact with the geographic jungles of India, Africa, and other parts of the world (Rogers et al. 2010, 1). This colonial context needs to be sketched here as well in order to reveal how the birth of the jungle eventually produces new constructions of sexuality in the United States. Billops (1999a) notes that the word “jungle” comes from the Hindi and Marathi word jangal, meaning “desert,” “waste,” “forest”; as well as from the Sanskrit jangala, meaning “dry,” “dry ground,” or “desert.” Its first appearance in English is in 1776, with its meaning already shifted toward what might be more recognizable today: “Land overgrown with underwood, long grass, or tangled vegetation; also, the luxuriant and often almost impenetrable growth of vegetation covering such a tract” (Dreft and Smithers 1978, 87). Brought into English as a result of an imperialist presence in India, “jungle” is intimately related to the larger rise of Western imperialism around the world, particularly in the nineteenth century (Billops 1999b). Western powers such as Britain and France went from controlling 35 percent of the earth’s surface in 1800 to, by 1914, “a grand total of roughly 85 percent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions, and commonwealths” (Said 1993, ch.2, “Colonial impacts”).
Billops, Camille. 1999a. “Indo-European Loan Words.” Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): pp. 38–44.
Billops, Camille. 1999b. “Indo-European Vowel Shift: Evidence and Interpretation.” Annals of Linguistics 21 (4): p. 45.
Dreft, Edward, and Susan Smithers. 1978. “Words Working.” International Journal of American Linguistics 62 (3): pp. 227–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25475.x.
Rogers, Jason, Millicent Eng, and Rene Woo. 2010. “English-Based African Creoles.” In Spreading the People: Colonizing Languages in the Raj, edited by Jason Rogers, pp. 310–330. 2nd ed. London: Verso.
Said, Eleanor. 1993. The European Dream of Africa. New York: Random House.
Bickerton, Derek. 2008. Bastard Tongues: A Trail-Blazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World’s Lowliest Languages. New York: Hill and Wang.
“Evolutionary Linguistics.” 2012. Wikipedia. Updated November 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics.
Mfuti, Miriam. 2001. “Pidgin Town.” In The Oxford Handbook of Pidgins and Creoles, edited by Alain Smet, pp. 107–112. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rambow, John. 2007. “Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?” Bangalore Monkey blog. December 21. http://www.bangaloremonkey. com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Using numbered notes is a common method of citing sources, particularly in the humanities. Sequential superscript numbers appear in the text to direct the reader to bibliographic or explanatory information that appears in a note.
This is a flexible style that allows authors to combine bibliographic information with annotation, translation, or other commentary. Scholars who frequently cite unpublished material will find numbered notes more useful than author-date citations.
In print publishing, notes can be placed at the bottom of the page as footnotes or at the end of a chapter or book in a separate section as endnotes.
Footnotes are preferred in cases where the information in the note is important enough that readers need it to fully engage with the material. Please note that in a digital context, footnotes in the traditional sense are not possible. Depending on the format, footnotes can appear at the end of a section or chapter, or they may be viewed by clicking or hovering over the superscript numbers in the text to display individual footnotes.
Endnotes are a better choice in print if the material in the notes does not need immediate engagement by the reader. For digital publications where individual chapters may be made available to readers, the notes should appear with the chapter, rather than separately at the end of the work. This varies according to discipline, so please consult your OUP editorial contact if you are unsure.
The formatting of bibliographic information is identical for footnotes and endnotes.
Please use the following guidance:
Required bibliographic elements are given below for the most common types of reference citations, along with optional elements that if used, must be consistent.
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Michael Murray, Climate Change at the Poles (New York: Scribner, 2007), p. 9.
Darian Ibrahim and Carol Marche, Financing the Next Silicon Valley, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Upbeat Press, 2010).
Firstname Lastname, ed., Title of Work (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, eds., Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Anton Smirov, ed., Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012).
Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume’, in Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume’, in Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Hanna Growiszc, ‘Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature’, in Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain, edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Günter Grass, The Tin Drum, trans. Breon Mitchell (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2009).
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. and trans. Terence Irwin (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999).
References to multi-volume book citations can take a variety of forms, depending on whether an individual volume or the entire work is being cited, and the authorship of the work.
Citing one volume of a multi-volume work
Robert Caro, The Path to Power, vol. 1, The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1982), p. 267.
Citing a multi-volume work as a whole
Robert Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, 4 vols (New York: Knopf, 1982–2012).
Allison Wyste, ed. Indian and Tibetan Cooking, vol. 6, Cuisines of Asia, ed. Robert Trautmann (London: Brill Books, 2007).
Multi-volume work with series editor and individual author/editors
Whenever possible, include a DOI (preferred) or a stable URL for citations to journal articles. However, a URL or DOI is not sufficient to stand alone as a reference.
Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Journal vol. number, (Year): start page.
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Journal vol. number, issue number (Month or Season Year): start page–end page, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Barbara Eckstein, ‘The Body, the Word, and the State: J. M. Coetzee’s “Waiting for the Barbarians”’, Novel: A Forum on Fiction 22, no. 2 (Winter 1989): pp. 175–198, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1345802.
David Hyun-Su Kim, ‘The Brahmsian Hairpin’, 19th Century Music 36, no. 1 (Summer 2012): pp. 46–47, doi:10.1525/ncm.2012.36.1.046.
A DOI or URL can be included for articles that you consulted online. The citations for online-only magazines follow the same pattern as print-based magazines, with the addition of URLs. If an online journal or magazine has a stable home page that allows a user to search for articles by title or author, it is acceptable to include the URL for that page (rather than the longer, more specific URL).
‘Title of Article’, Name of Magazine, Month of Pub, Year.
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, ‘Title of Article’, Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Mary Rose Himler, ‘Religious Books as Best Sellers’, Publishers Weekly, 19 February 1927.
‘Amazon Best Books 2012 Revealed’, Publishers Weekly, 13 November 2012, http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/54738-amazon-best-books-2012-revealed.html.
Fritz Allhoff, ‘The Paradox of Nonlethal Weapons’, Slate, 13 November 2012, http://www.slate.com.
Law citation styles vary widely depending on jurisdiction. The following examples are for citing law cases in a non-specialist academic context. If you are writing specialist legal content, see ‘Citing of Legal Materials’ for detailed citation information.
Case Number Name of Case [Year] Report VolNo-FirstPageNo
Case C-34/89 P Smith v EC Commission [1993] ECR I-454
Name of Case [Year] VolNo Report, PageNo
Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, 78
Name of Case, VolNo Reporter SeriesNo (Year)
With optional elements
Name of Case, VolNo Reporter SeriesNo (Name of Court Year)
Bowers v Hardwick 478 US 186 (1986).
The titles of unpublished works are set in quotation marks rather than italics. In place of a publisher, location or institutional information can be given.
Troy Thibodeaux, ‘Modernism in Greenwich Village, 1908–1929’ (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1999), p. 59.
Mary Koo, ‘Prakriti and Purusha: Dualism in the Yoga of Patanjali’ (lecture, Theosophical Society, Chennai, India, 17 May 2008).
To cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order) in your citation: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Firstname Lastname, eds., Title of Work, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, eds., Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, Title of Work, ed./trans. Firstname Lastname, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Multi-volume book citations can take a variety of forms, depending on whether an individual volume or the work as a whole is being cited, and on how the multi-volume work was authored or edited.
Citing one volume of a multi-volume work
Citing a multi-volume work as a whole
Multi-volume work with series editor and individual author/editors
Firstname Lastname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume,” in Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Volume,” in Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Whenever possible, include a DOI (preferred) or a stable URL for citations to journal articles. However, a URL or DOI is not sufficient to stand alone as a reference.
Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal vol. number, (Year): start page.
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal vol. number, issue number (Month or Season Year): start page–end page, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
A DOI or URL can be included for articles that you consulted online. Online-only magazines follow the same pattern as print-based magazines, with the addition of URLs. If an online journal or magazine has a stable home page that allows a user to search for articles by title or author, it is acceptable to cite that page rather than a longer, more specific URL.
“Title of Article,” Name of Magazine, Month of Pub, Year.
With optional elements
Firstname Lastname, “Title of Article,” Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Law citation styles can vary widely depending on jurisdiction. These examples are for citing legal case law in a non-specialist academic context. If you are writing specialist legal content, see ‘Citing of legal materials’ for detailed information on law citation.
Case Number Name of Case [Year] Report VolNo-FirstPageNo
Case C-34/89 P Smith v EC Commission [1993] ECR I-454
Name of Case [Year] VolNo Report PageNo
Ridge v. Baldwin [1964] AC 40, 78
Name of Case, Vol No. Reporter Series No. (Year)
Bowers v Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
With optional elements
Name of Case, Vol No. Reporter Series No. (Name of Court Year)
Bowers v. Hardwick 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
The titles of unpublished works are set in quotation marks rather than italics. Since there is no publisher, location or institutional information can be cited.
If you need to cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
When a work is cited for the first time in a chapter, full bibliographic information should be given (for an alternative, see ‘Numbered notes in combination with a bibliography’). Subsequent citations should be shortened as in the following examples.
Give the first mention of legal cases in full. Subsequent mentions within the same article or chapter can be shortened to the case name alone, given in italics (even if italics are not used in the original citation)
It is possible to combine notes and bibliography so that all the notes, including the first reference, are short citations that lead the reader to a full citation in the bibliography. This system results in shorter notes and less work for the reader, since complete information is easily available in the alphabetical bibliography and need not be hunted for through all the chapter notes. This requires that all cited sources appear in a bibliography, which can also contain works that are not cited but are germane to the topic.
Bibliographies are structured similarly to notes, but there are some important differences. The first author name (and only the first) is inverted for alphabetization. Punctuation format also varies slightly between notes and bibliographic entries.
Do not use long dashes (e.g. “—") to substitute for an author’s name if it is repeated in the bibliography. Repeat the name in full because in a digital version, the shortened entry may not follow the complete one immediately.
Lastname, Firstname, Title of Work, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication).
Lastname, Firstname. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Chapter in an Edited Book’. In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Lastname, Firstname,‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Year): start page.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine, Month Year of Pub.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. ‘Title of Article’. Name of Magazine, Day Month Year of Pub, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
If you need to cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
Growiszc, Hanna. ‘Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature’. In Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain, edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.
Himler, Mary Rose. ‘Religious Books as Best Sellers’. Publishers Weekly, 19 February 1927.
Khan, Imran, and Richard Collins. ‘True Belief: Hindu Metanarratives in Bollywood’. Journal of Cinema Studies 7, no. 4 (2009): pp. 104–115. doi:10.1086/jcs113.3.752.
Murray, Michael. ‘The Antarctic Summer Lengthens’. Journal of Climate Studies 20, no. 9 (2011): p. 203.
Murray, Michael. Climate Change at the Poles (New York: Scribner, 2007).
Rambow, John. ‘Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?’ Bangalore Monkey blog. 21 December 2007. http://www.bangaloremonkey.com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Lastname, Firstname, Title of Work, (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. Title of Work, 2nd ed. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication).
Lastname, Firstname, “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (Year of Publication).
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Chapter in an Edited Book.” In Title of Edited Volume, edited by Firstname Lastname (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s) [or alternative locator info].
Lastname, Firstname,“Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Year): start page.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal vol. number, no. X (Month or Season Year): start page–end page. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
“Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Month of Pub, Year.
With optional elements
Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Month and Day of Pub, Year, doi: DOI [or stable URL].
If you need to cite a website or other source that does not fall within those covered here, include as much of the following as possible (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication, most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available, especially online.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
Growiszc, Hanna. “Far Right Ideologies in Czech Literature.” In Eastern Europe After the Iron Curtain, edited by Anton Smirov (London: Chatto and Windus, 2012), ch. 7.
Himler, Mary Rose. “Religious Books as Best Sellers.” Publishers Weekly, February 19, 1927.
Khan, Imran, and Richard Collins. “True Belief: Hindu Metanarratives in Bollywood.” Journal of Cinema Studies 7, no. 4 (2009): pp. 104–115. doi:10.1086/jcs113.3.752.
Murray, Michael. “The Antarctic Summer Lengthens.” Journal of Climate Studies 20, no. 9 (2011): p. 203.
Murray, Michael. Climate Change at the Poles (New York: Scribner, 2007).
Rambow, John. “Will This Demon Fit in My Carry-On?” Bangalore Monkey blog. December 21, 2007. http://www.bangaloremonkey.com/2007/12/will-this-demon-fit-in-my-carry-on.html.
Numbered reference citations (also known as author–number or Vancouver references) are used in scientific and medical texts. In this system, each reference used is assigned a number. When that reference is cited in the text, its number appears, either in parentheses or brackets or as a superscript. All cited references appear in a numbered reference list at the end of the chapter or book.
An advantage of numbered references over the author–date style is that less space in the main text is required for in-text citations. The system also avoids ambiguity in the case of two works by the same author published the same year, an occasional issue in author–date citations. A disadvantage is that late addition or removal of references usually requires renumbering of both the reference list and the citations. Numbered reference citations cannot be used to provide commentary or other explanatory material to the text.
References are cited within the text by using a number in a superscript, in parentheses, or in square brackets. Although each of these variants is acceptable, only one can be used in a single text. The examples in this guide will enclose citation numbers in parentheses. Note that although citations are numbered in the order of their first appearance in the text, non-consecutive note numbers are possible, to allow references to be cited more than once. Citations can take the form of a range: for example (4–7) would cite references 4, 5, 6, and 7 simultaneously. If it is necessary to cite specific page numbers that are not present in the reference list, page numbers can be inserted into the citation: for example (4p6, 5pp1–11).
Please note the following:
Required bibliographic elements are given below for the most common types of reference citations, along with optional elements (if used, be consistent). Other elements below are required if applicable (for example, you need a page number or other locator if you are quoting a precise part of a large work, but you can skip it if the reference is to the work as a whole).
Lastname FI, Title of Work, Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of Work, 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].
Title of Work. Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Title of Work. 16th ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].
Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work. Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].
Lastname FI, Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No.
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, et al. Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.) (Supplement No.): startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info]. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month and Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Day Month and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month and Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Day Month and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Include of the following (in this order) in your bibliographic entry: author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision (or, failing that, date accessed); and URL. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available online and in non-traditional formats. Follow the capitalization and italicization patterns of the examples here as much as possible.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
If the nature of the material you are citing is not clear from the bibliographic information, you can provide a descriptor in brackets after the first element of the reference.
Colorectal cancer (cRc) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in Europe and North America (1). While early stage cRc is associated with an excellent 5-year survival rate (90% for localized disease), approximately 20% of patients present with metastatic disease, and many patients diagnosed with stage ii or iii cancer will experience a recurrence and develop distant metastases (2). At present, established clinico-pathological criteria are used to estimate risks of recurrence in stage ii and iii disease, and this is routinely used in the selection of patients or adjuvant systemic therapy following surgical resection. The clinical outcome of patients who receive such adjuvant treatment can, however, vary widely, when additional molecular factors are taken into consideration. Identification of novel prognostic markers is, therefore, vital in improving the prognosis of this disease (3). One of the recently described substances important for angiogenesis is endoglin. Endoglin, also known as cD105, is a receptor for transforming growth factor-ß1 molecule, which binds preferentially to the activated endothelial cells that participate in tumour angiogenesis, with weak or negative expression in vascular endothelium of normal tissues. Endoglin is induced by hypoxia. Therefore, it is very useful for assessment of neo-angiogenesis of malignant neoplasms (4–6). Many reports indicate that endoglin assessed immunohistochemically in colorectal cancer correlates not only with tumour microvessel density, but also with survival. It has also been reported as a valuable parameter predicting patients having an increased risk of developing metastatic disease. Endoglin is expressed not only on cell surfaces since its soluble form (sol-end) can be detected also in blood (4–7). A few studies evaluated the clinical significance of elevated sol-end levels in colorectal cancer patients (7).
1. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol. 2007; 18: pp. 581–592.
2. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. In: Boniol M, Smith J, eds. Oncological Research Reviews. 16th ed. New York, NY: Dekker; 2005; pp. 476–487.
3. Allegra CJ, Paik S, Colangelo LH, et al. Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p53 in patients with Dukes’ B and C colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: pp. 241–250.
4. Drug Topics Red Book. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare, 2009: p. 232.
5. FDA approves new treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. 2012. US Food and Drug Administration website. 27 September. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm321271.htm.
6. Stivarga [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, 2012.
7. Mysliwiec P, Pawlak K, Kuklinski A, Kedra B. Combined perioperative plasma endoglin and vegF-a assessment in colorectal cancer patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2008; 46(2)(suppl. 1): pp. 487–49.
Lastname FI, Title of Work, Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of Work, 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication.
Title of Work. Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Title of Work. 16th ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].
Lastname FI, Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, ed. Title of Work. Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI. Title of chapter in sentence case. In: Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, eds. Title of Work. 2nd ed. City of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication: startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info].
Lastname FI, Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.)
With optional elements
Lastname FI, Lastname FI, Lastname FI, et al. Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication; Volume No. (Issue No.)(SupplementNo): startpage–endpage [or alternative locator info]. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Lastname FI. Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication.
With optional elements
Title of article in sentence case. Magazine or Newspaper Title. Month, Day, and Year of Publication: startpage–endpage. doi: DOI [or stable URL].
Include as much of the following as possible in your bibliographic entry (in this order): author; title or description of the content; owner/publisher; date of publication or most recent revision, or, failing that, date accessed; and URL if available. Some flexibility is acceptable to accommodate the wide variety of content available online and in non-traditional formats. Follow the capitalization and italicization patterns of these examples.
The names of websites are usually set in roman type but the names of online magazines and books are italicized (like their print counterparts).
If the nature of the material you are citing is not clear from the bibliographic information, you can provide a descriptor in brackets after the first element of the reference.
Colorectal cancer (cRc) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in Europe and North America (1). While early stage cRc is associated with an excellent 5-year survival rate (90% for localized disease), approximately 20% of patients present with metastatic disease, and many patients diagnosed with stage ii or iii cancer will experience a recurrence and develop distant metastases (2). At present, established clinico-pathological criteria are used to estimate risks of recurrence in stage ii and iii disease, and this is routinely used in the selection of patients or adjuvant systemic therapy following surgical resection. The clinical outcome of patients who receive such adjuvant treatment can, however, vary widely, when additional molecular factors are taken into consideration. Identification of novel prognostic markers is, therefore, vital in improving the prognosis of this disease (3). One of the recently described substances important for angiogenesis is endoglin. Endoglin, also known as cD105, is a receptor for transforming growth factor-ß1 molecule, which binds preferentially to the activated endothelial cells that participate in tumor angiogenesis, with weak or negative expression in vascular endothelium of normal tissues. Endoglin is induced by hypoxia. Therefore it is very useful for assessment of neo-angiogenesis of malignant neoplasms (4–6). Many reports indicate that endoglin assessed immunohistochemically in colorectal cancer correlates not only with tumor microvessel density, but also with survival. It has also been reported as a valuable parameter predicting patients having an increased risk of developing metastatic disease. Endoglin is expressed not only on cell surfaces, since its soluble form (sol-end) can be detected also in blood (4–7). A few studies evaluated the clinical significance of elevated sol-end levels in colorectal cancer patients (7).
1. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol. 2007; 18: pp. 581–592.
2. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. In: Boniol M, Smith J, eds. Oncological Research Reviews. 16th ed. New York, NY: Dekker; 2005; pp. 476–487.
3. Allegra CJ, Paik S, Colangelo LH, et al. Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p. 53 in patients with Dukes’ B and C colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: pp. 241–250.
4. Drug Topics Red Book. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare, 2009: p. 232.
5. FDA approves new treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. US Food and Drug Administration website. September 27, 2012. http://www.fda. gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm321271.htm.
6. Stivarga [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, 2012.
7. Mysliwiec P, Pawlak K, Kuklinski A, Kedra B. Combined perioperative plasma endoglin and vegF-a assessment in colorectal cancer patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2008; 46(2)(suppl. 1): pp. 487–492.